Charles Darwin first described the idea of evolution in his book "The Origin of Species". Define the concept of evolution.

Classify the phylum Vertebrata into their further groups by giving two characteristics of each.

Which of the following is not a criterion for the classification of living organisms?

The cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin.
$(i)$ What is the chemical nature of chitin?
$(ii)$ What is the mode of nutrition in fungi?

Which among the following has specialised tissue for the conduction of water?
$(i)$ Thallophyta
$(ii)$ Bryophyta
$(iii)$ Pteridophyta
$(iv)$ Gymnosperms

$(a)$ In which two ways do amphibians differ from fishes?
$(b)$ Identify the phylum of organisms having the following characteristics:
$(i)$ Pore-bearing animals and radial symmetry.
$(ii)$ Body spiny and radial symmetry.
$(c)$ Why do gymnosperms not require water for fertilization?